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Gravitational constant

\( 6.6730 \times 10^{-11} \, \pm \, 0.00015 \times 10^{-11} \frac{m^3}{kg \, s^2} \)

Charge of electron

\( 1.602176634 \times 10^{-19} \, \pm \, 0 \, C \)

Planck's constant

\( 6.62607015 \times 10^{-34} \, \pm 0 \, J/Hz \)

Planck density

\( \approx 5.2 \times 10^{94} \, \pm \, \, ... \frac{kg}{m^2} \)

Planck energy

\( \approx 1.2 \times 10^{28} \, \pm \, \, ... eV \)

Planck length

\( \approx 1.616\times 10^{-35} \, \pm \, \, ... m \)

Planck mass

\( \approx 2.2 \times 10^{-5} \, \pm \, \, ... g \)

Planck temperature

\( \approx 1.416 \times 10^{32} \, \pm \, \, ... K \)

Planck time

\( \approx 10\times 10^{-43} \, \pm \, \, ... s \)

Speed of light

\( 299,792,458 \frac{m}{s} \)

Vacuum permittivity

Permeability of free space

Boltzmann's constant

Wien's constant

Gas constant

Definition of 1 meter

Definition of 1 second

Definition of 1 kilogram

Mass of electron

Mass of proton

Mass of neutron

Fine structure constant

\begin{equation} \alpha = \frac{e^2}{2 \epsilon_0 \, h \, c} \approx \frac{1}{137} \end{equation}

  Particles  

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Fermions

Quarks
Up quark Charm quark Top quark
Down quark Strange quark Bottom quark

Leptons
Electron Tau Muon
Electron neutrino Tau neutrino Muon neutrino

Bosons

Gluon Higgs boson
Photon
Z boson
W boson


Standard Model
Up quark Charm quark Top quark   Gluon Higgs
Down quark Strange quark Bottom quark   Photon
Electron Muon Tau   Z boson
Electron neutrino Muon neutrino Tau neutrino   W boson


  Elements  

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(1) Hydrogen

Symbol

H

Hamiltonian

\begin{equation} H = - \frac{\hbar^2}{2 m_e r^2} \biggl\{ \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left(r^2 \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \right) + \frac{1}{\textnormal{sin}\theta} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} \left( \textnormal{sin}\theta \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} \right) + \frac{1}{\textnormal{sin}^2 \theta} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \phi^2} \biggr\} - \frac{e^2}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{1}{r} \end{equation}
Hydrogen 1
Protons Neutrons Electrons
1 0 1
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^1 \) 1.007 825 032 23(9) [1.007 84, 1.008 11] 0.999 885(70) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ±... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å


Hydrogen 2 - Deuterium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
1 1 1
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^1 \) 2.014 101 778 12(12) 0.000 115(70) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å


Hydrogen 3 - Tritium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
1 2 1
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^1 \) 3.016 049 2779(24) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(2) Helium

Symbol

He

Hamiltonian

\begin{equation} H(r_1, r_2) = \sum_{i=1}^2 \left( - \frac{\hbar^2}{2 \mu} \nabla_{r_i}^2 - \frac{Ze^2}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r_i} \right) - \frac{\hbar^2}{M} \nabla_{r_1} \nabla_{r_2} + \frac{e^2}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r_{12}} \end{equation} Or \begin{equation} H = -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m} (\nabla_1^2 + \nabla_2^2) - \frac{Ze^2}{r_1} - \frac{Ze^2}{r_2} + \frac{e^2}{r_{12}} \end{equation}
Helium 3
Protons Neutrons Electrons
2 1 2
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \) 3.016 029 3201(25) 4.002 602(2) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å


Helium 4
Protons Neutrons Electrons
2 2 2
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \) 4.002 603 254 13(6) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(3) Lithium

Symbol

Li

Hamiltonian

\begin{equation} H = - \frac{1}{2} \biggl\{ \frac{1}{r_1^2} \frac{\partial}{\partial r_1} \left( r_1^2 \frac{\partial}{\partial r_1} \right) + \frac{1}{r_2^2} \frac{\partial}{\partial r_2} \left( r_2^2 \frac{\partial}{\partial r_2} \right) + \frac{1}{r_3^2} \frac{\partial}{\partial r_3} \left( r_3^2 \frac{\partial}{\partial r_3} \right) + \left( \frac{1}{r_1^2} + \frac{1}{r_2^2} \right) \frac{1}{\textnormal{sin}\theta_{12}} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta_{12}} \left( \textnormal{sin}\theta_{12} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta_{12}} \right) + \left( \frac{1}{r_1^2} + \frac{1}{r_3^2} \right) \frac{1}{\textnormal{sin}\theta_{13}} \cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta_{13}} \left( \textnormal{sin}\theta_{13} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta_{13}} \right) + \left( \frac{1}{r_2^2} + \frac{1}{r_3^2} \right) \frac{1}{\textnormal{sin}\theta_{23}} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta_{23}} \left( \textnormal{sin}\theta_{23} \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta_{23}} \right) - \frac{2(\textnormal{cos} \, \theta_{12} \, \textnormal{cos} \, \theta_{13} - \textnormal{cos} \, \theta_{23})}{r_1^2 \, \textnormal{sin} \, \theta_{12} \, \textnormal{sin} \, \theta_{13}} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \theta_{12} \, \partial \theta_{13}} - \frac{2(\textnormal{cos} \, \theta_{12} \, \textnormal{cos} \, \theta_{23} - \textnormal{cos} \, \theta_{13})}{r_2^2 \, \textnormal{sin} \, \theta_{12} \, \textnormal{sin} \theta_{13}} \cdot \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \theta_{12} \, \partial \theta_{23}} - \frac{2( \textnormal{cos} \, \theta_{13} \, \textnormal{cos} \, \theta_{23} - \textnormal{cos} \, \theta_{12})}{r_3^2 \, \textnormal{sin} \, \theta_{13} \, \textnormal{sin} \, \theta_{23}} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial \theta_{13} \, \partial \theta_{23}} \biggr\} - 3 \left( \frac{1}{r_1} + \frac{1}{r_2} + \frac{1}{r_3} \right) + \frac{1}{r_{12}} + \frac{1}{r_{13}} + \frac{1}{r_{23}} \end{equation}

socratic.org for this Hamiltonian.

Lithium 6
Protons Neutrons Electrons
3 3 3
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^1 \) 6.015 122 8874(16) [6.938, 6.997] updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(4) Beryllium

Symbol

Be

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

medium.com for this hamiltonian.

Beryllium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
4
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(5) Boron

Symbol

B

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Boron
Protons Neutrons Electrons
5
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(6) Carbon

Symbol

C

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Carbon
Protons Neutrons Electrons
6
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(7) Nitrogen

Symbol

N

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Nitrogen
Protons Neutrons Electrons
7
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^3 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(8) Oxygen

Symbol

O

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Oxygen
Protons Neutrons Electrons
8
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^4 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(9) Fluorine

Symbol

F

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Flourine
Protons Neutrons Electrons
9
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^5 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(10) Neon

Symbol

Ne

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Neon
Protons Neutrons Electrons
10
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^6 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(11) Sodium

Symbol

Na

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Sodium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
11
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^6 \, 3s^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(12) Magnesium

Symbol

Mg

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Magnesium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
12
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^6 \, 3s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(13) Aluminum

Symbol

Al

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^6 \, 3s^2 \, 3p^1 \)
Aluminum
Protons Neutrons Electrons
13
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^6 \, 3s^2 \, 3p^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(14) Silicon

Symbol

Si

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Silicon
Protons Neutrons Electrons
14
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^6 \, 3s^2 \, 3p^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(15) Phosphorus

Symbol

P

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Phosphorus
Protons Neutrons Electrons
15
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^6 \, 3s^2 \, 3p^3 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(16) Sulfur

Symbol

S

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Sulfur
Protons Neutrons Electrons
16
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^6 \, 3s^2 \, 3p^4 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(17) Chlorine

Symbol

Cl

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Chlorine
Protons Neutrons Electrons
17
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^6 \, 3s^2 \, 3p^5 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(18) Argon

Symbol

Ar

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Argon
Protons Neutrons Electrons
18
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( 1s^2 \, 2s^2 \, 2p^6 \, 3s^2 \, 3p^6 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(19) Potassium

Symbol

K

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Potassium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
19
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 4s^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(20) Calcium

Symbol

Ca

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Calcium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
20
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 4s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(21) Scandium

Symbol

Sc

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Scandium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
21
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^1 \, 4s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(22) Titanium

Symbol

Ti

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Ar] \, 3d^2 \, 4s^2 \)
Titanium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
22
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^2 \, 4s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(23) Vanadium

Symbol

V

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Ar] \, 3d^3 \, 4s^2 \)
Vanadium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
23
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^3 \, 4s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(24) Chromium

Symbol

Cr

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Chromium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
24
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^5, \, 4s^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(25) Manganese

Symbol

Mn

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Manganese
Protons Neutrons Electrons
25
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^5 \, 4s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(26) Iron

Symbol

Fe

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Iron
Protons Neutrons Electrons
26
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^6 \, 4s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(27) Cobalt

Symbol

Co

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Cobalt
Protons Neutrons Electrons
27
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^7 \, 4s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(28) Nickel

Symbol

Ni

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Nickel
Protons Neutrons Electrons
28
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^8 \, 4s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(29) Copper

Symbol

Cu

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Ar] \, 3d^{10} \, 4s^1 \)
Copper
Protons Neutrons Electrons
29
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^{10} \, 4s^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(30) Zinc

Symbol

Zn

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Zinc
Protons Neutrons Electrons
30
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^{10} \, 4s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(31) Gallium

Symbol

Ga

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Gallium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
31
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^{10} \, 4s^2 \, 4p^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(32) Germanium

Symbol

Ge

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Germanium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
32
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^{10} \, 4s^2 \, 4p^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(33) Arsenic

Symbol

As

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Arsenic
Protons Neutrons Electrons
33
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^{10} \, 4s^2 \, 4p^3 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(34) Selenium

Symbol

Se

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Selenium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
34
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^{10} \, 4s^2 \, 4p^4 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(35) Bromine

Symbol

Br

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Bromine
Protons Neutrons Electrons
35
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^{10} \, 4s^2 \, 4p^5 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(36) Krypton

Symbol

Kr

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Krypton
Protons Neutrons Electrons
36
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Ar] \, 3d^{10} \, 4s^2 \, 4p^6 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(37) Rubidium

Symbol

Rb

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Rubidium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
37
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 5s^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(38) Strontium

Symbol

Sr

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Strontium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
38
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 5s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(39) Yttrium

Symbol

Y

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Yttrium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
39
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^1 \, 5s^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(40) Zirconium

Symbol

Zr

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Zirconium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
40
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^2 \, 5s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(41) Niobium

Symbol

Nb

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Niobium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
41
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^4 \, 5s^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(42) Molybdenum

Symbol

Mo

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Molybdenum
Protons Neutrons Electrons
42
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^5 \, 5s^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(43) Technetium

Symbol

Tc

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Technetium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
43
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^4 \, 5s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(44) Ruthenium

Symbol

Ru

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Kr] \, 4d^7 \, 5s^1 \)
Ruthenium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
44
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^7 \, 5s^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(45) Rhodium

Symbol

Rh

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Rhodium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
45
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^8 \, 5s^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(46) Palladium

Symbol

Pd

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Kr] \, 4d^{10} \)
Palladium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
46
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^{10} \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(47) Silver

Symbol

Ag

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Silver
Protons Neutrons Electrons
47
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^{10} \, 5s^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(48) Cadmium

Symbol

Cd

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Cadmium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
48
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^{10} \, 5s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(49) Indium

Symbol

In

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Indium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
49
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^{10} \, 5s^2 \, 5p^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(50) Tin

Symbol

Sn

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Tin
Protons Neutrons Electrons
50
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^{10} \, 5s^2 \, 5p^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(51) Antimony

Symbol

Sb

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Antimony
Protons Neutrons Electrons
51
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^{10} \, 5s^2 \, 5p^3 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(52) Tellurium

Symbol

Te

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Tellerium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
52
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^{10} \, 5s^2 \, 5p^4 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(53) Iodine

Symbol

I

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Kr] \, 4d^{10} \, 5s^2 \, 5p^5 \)
Iodine
Protons Neutrons Electrons
53
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^{10} \, 5s^2 \, 5p^5 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(54) Xenon

Symbol

Xe

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Xenon
Protons Neutrons Electrons
54
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Kr] \, 4d^{10} \, 5s^2 \, 5p^6 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(55) Cesium

Symbol

Cs

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Cesium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
55
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 6s^1 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(56) Barium

Symbol

Ba

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Barium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
56
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 6s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(57) Lanthanum

Symbol

La

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Lanthanum
Protons Neutrons Electrons
57
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 5d^1 \, 6s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(58) Cerium

Symbol

Ce

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Cerium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
58
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 4f^1 \, 5d^1 \, 6s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(59) Praseodymium

Symbol

Pr

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Praseodymium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
59
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 4f^3 \, 6s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(60) Neodymium

Symbol

Nd

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Neodymium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
60
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 4f^4 \, 6s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(61) Promethium

Symbol

Pm

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^5 \, 6s^2 \)
Promethium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
61
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 4f^5 \, 6s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(62) Samarium

Symbol

Sm

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Samarium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
62
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 4f^6 \, 6s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(63) Europium

Symbol

Eu

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Europium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
63
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 4f^7 \, 6s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(64) Gadolinium

Symbol

Gd

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Gadolinium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
64
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 4f^7 \, 5d^1 \, 6s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(65) Terbium

Symbol

Tb

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Terbium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
65
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 4f^9 \, 6s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(66) Dysprosium

Symbol

Dy

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Dysprosium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
66
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 4f^{10} \, 6s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(67) Holmium

Symbol

Ho

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Holmium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
67
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 4f^{11} \, 6s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(68) Erbium

Symbol

Er

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}
Erbium
Protons Neutrons Electrons
68
Electron configuration Relative atomic mass Standard atomic weight Isotope abundance Abundance on earth Abundance in the universe
\( [Xe] \, 4f^{12} \, 6s^2 \) updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Date of discovery January ...
Who discovered Sandy ...
Abundance on earth updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Abundance in the universe updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kg
Melting point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Boiling point updates_in_real_time()... ± ... K
Density updates_in_real_time()... ± ... g/cm3
Heat of fusion updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Heat of vaporization updates_in_real_time()... ± ... kJ / mol
Molar heat capacity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... J / (mol · K)
Electronegativity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... pauling scale
Thermal conductivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Electrical resistivity updates_in_real_time()... ± ... W / (m · K)
Young's modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Shear modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Bulk modulus updates_in_real_time()... ± ... GPa
Mohs hardness updates_in_real_time()... ± ...
Atomic radius updates_in_real_time()... ± ... Å

(69) Thulium

Symbol

Tm

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{13} \, 6s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(70) Ytterbium

Symbol

Yb

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 6s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(71) Lutetium

Symbol

Lu

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^1 \, 6s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(72) Hafnium

Symbol

Hf

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^2 \, 6s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(73) Tantalum

Symbol

Ta

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^3 \, 6s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(74) Tungsten

Symbol

W

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^4 \, 6s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(75) Rhenium

Symbol

Re

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^5 \, 6s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(76) Osmium

Symbol

Os

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^6 \, 6s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(77) Iridium

Symbol

Ir

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^7 \, 6s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(78) Platinum

Symbol

Pt

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^9 \, 6s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(79) Gold

Symbol

Au

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^{10} \, 6s^1 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(80) Mercury

Symbol

Hg

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^{10} \, 6s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(81) Thallium

Symbol

Tl

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^{10} \, 6s^2 \, 6p^1 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(82) Lead

Symbol

Pb

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^{10} \, 6s^2 \, 6p^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(83) Bismuth

Symbol

Br

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^{10} \, 6s^2 \, 6p^3 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(84) Polonium

Symbol

Po

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^{10} \, 6s^2 \, 6p^4 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(85) Astatine

Symbol

At

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^{10} \, 6s^2 \, 6p^5 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(86) Radon

Symbol

Rn

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Xe] \, 4f^{14} \, 5d^{10} \, 6s^2 \, 6p^6 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(87) Francium

Symbol

Fr

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 7s^1 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(88) Radium

Symbol

Ra

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(89) Actinium

Symbol

Ac

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 6d^1 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(90) Thorium

Symbol

Th

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 6d^2 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(91) Protactinium

Symbol

Pa

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^2 \, 6d^1 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(92) Uranium

Symbol

U

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^3 \, 6d^1 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(93) Neptunium

Symbol

Np

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^4 \, 6d^1 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(94) Plutonium

Symbol

Pu

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^6 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(95) Americium

Symbol

Br

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^7 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(96) Curium

Symbol

Cm

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^7 \, 6d^1 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(97) Berkelium

Symbol

Bk

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^9 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(98) Californium

Symbol

Cf

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{10} \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(99) Einsteinium

Symbol

Es

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{11} \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(100) Fermium

Symbol

Fm

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{12} \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(101) Mendelevium

Symbol

Md

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{13} \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(102) Nobelium

Symbol

No

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(103) Lawrencium

Symbol

Lr

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^1 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(104) Rutherfordium

Symbol

Rf

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^2 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(105) Dubnium

Symbol

Db

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^3 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(106) Seaborgium

Symbol

Sg

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^4 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(107) Bohrium

Symbol

Bh

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^5 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(108) Hassium

Symbol

Hs

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^6 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(109) Meitnerium

Symbol

Mt

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^7 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(110) Darmstadtium

Symbol

Ds

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^8 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(111) Roentgenium

Symbol

Rg

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^9 \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(112) Copernicium

Symbol

Cn

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^{10} \, 7s^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(113) Nihonium

Symbol

Nh

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^{10} \, 7s^2 \, 7p^1 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(114) Flerovium

Symbol

Fl

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^{10} \, 7s^2 \, 7p^2 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(115) Moscovium

Symbol

Mc

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^{10} \, 7s^2 \, 7p^3 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(116) Livermorium

Symbol

Lv

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^{10} \, 7s^2 \, 7p^4 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(117) Tennessine

Symbol

Ts

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^{10} \, 7s^2 \, 7p^5 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

(118) Organesson

Symbol

Og

Hamiltonian

The general molecular hamiltonian is

\begin{equation} H = - \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{1}{2} \nabla_i^2 - \sum_A^M \frac{1}{2 M_A} \nabla_A^2 - \sum_{i=1}^N \sum_{A=1}^M \frac{Z_A}{r_{iA}} + \sum_{j > i} \frac{1}{r_{ij}} + \sum_{B > A} \frac{Z_A Z_B}{R_{AB}} \end{equation}

Atomic mass

Electron configuration

\( [Rn] \, 5f^{14} \, 6d^{10} \, 7s^2 \, 7p^6 \)

Isotopes

Abundance on earth

Abundance in the universe

Date of discovery

  Molecules  

Search molecules

Page content

Stuff...


Ammonia

Lewis structure

Molecular geometry

Trigonal pyramidal

Electron-domain geometry

Tetrahedral

Dipole moment

1.42 ± ... Debye

Water

Lewis structure

Molecular geometry

Bent

Electron-domain geometry

Tetrahedral

Dipole moment

1.8546 ± ... Debye

  Quantum materials  

Quantum materials

Description

Strongly coupled electron systems, superconductivity, chiral magnetic effect...

Iridate

Ruthenate

  Classical materials  

Material data taken from many sources, such as UT austin, Lookchem, and ...

Classical materials

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Aluminum
Specific heat capacity \( \frac{J}{g \cdot K} \) Thermal conductivity \( \frac{W}{m \cdot K} \) Electrical conductivity \( \frac{Siemens}{meter} \)
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Steel
Specific heat capacity \( \frac{J}{g \cdot K} \) Thermal conductivity \( \frac{W}{m \cdot K} \) Electrical conductivity \( \frac{Siemens}{meter} \)